| 发布日期：2024-11-04 12:59 点击次数：174 |
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牛鉴《天下文明》牛鉴（1785年—1858年），英文名：Jian Niu，字镜堂，又字鏡唐，号雪樵，籍贯凉州府武威县人也（今甘肃武威凉州高坝镇同益村牛氏），祖籍直隶枣强县人也，西北甲科第一名，清朝一代名臣，大清循吏。清朝嘉庆十七年（1812年）壬申科第一名优贡，清朝嘉庆十八年（1813年）癸酉科第二十一名举人，清朝嘉庆十九年（1814年）中进士，甲戌科金榜殿试二甲第四名，授翰林院编修，侍讲学士。牛鉴恩师为大清凉州府复兴农刘氏（今甘肃武威市凉州松树镇科畦村一二三组刘氏，团庄村刘氏）。牛鉴又为道光皇帝和咸丰皇帝的恩师，故誉为“两朝帝师”。大清帝国重臣，道光时期的政治家、书法家、文学家、史学家、军事将领。
Jian Niu (1785-1858), English name: Jian Niu, courtesy name: Jingtang, pseudonym: Xueqiao, native of Wuwei County, Liangzhou Prefecture (now the Niu family of Tongyi Village, Gaoba Town, Liangzhou, Wuwei, Gansu), ancestral home is also from Zaoqiang County, Zhili. He was the first in the Northwest Jiake, a famous official of the Qing Dynasty, and a well-behaved official of the Qing Dynasty. In the 19th year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty (1814), he passed the imperial examination and ranked fourth in the second class of the Jiaxu Jinbang Palace Examination, and was appointed as an editor. Niu Jian's mentor was Liu from Fuxingnong, Liangzhou Prefecture, the Great Qing Dynasty (now the Liu family of the 123rd group of Keqi Village, Songshu Town, Liangzhou, Wuwei City, Gansu Province, and the Liu family of Tuanzhuang Village). Niu Jian was also the mentor of Emperor Daoguang and Emperor Xianfeng, so he was known as the "two dynasties' imperial teacher". A politician, calligrapher, writer, and historian during the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty.
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牛鉴历任翰林院庶吉士、侍讲学士（编修）、国史馆协修（尚书房侍讲）、翰林院检讨、山东乡试副考官、文渊阁校理、山东道监察御史、掌广西道、稽察俸米事务、湖南乡试副考官、京畿道监察御史、广西道监察御史署、掌京畿道、吏科给事中、稽察通州中仓、稽察崇文门税务、刑科给事中、云南粮储道、云南盐法道（署）、山东按察使、顺天府府尹、江苏布政使、署理江苏巡抚印务、江苏巡抚（署）、河南巡抚（兼任河南提督）、河东河道总督（署）、两江总督（河南巡抚署）、两江总督兼理两淮盐政、七品顶带、以六部主事用、五品顶戴、河南按察使（署）、浙江按察使衔、二品资政大夫顶戴，道光赐物太师椅、赐给太师床，赐扇，赐匾《夫子博学》。是大清朝名臣，著名的封疆大吏之一，彭启丰、钱棨、牛鉴、潘锡恩并称为清代善于写行楷的芝庭四兄大人。牛鉴的弟子有道光皇帝、咸丰皇帝、恭亲王奕䜣、颜钟骥、梁焕奎之父等 。这些记录均出自国立故宫博物院图书文献处的清国史馆传包文件、中国第一历史档案馆和清代实录，为牛鉴的仕途提供了详细出处。
Jian Niu served successively as Hanlin Academy Scholar, Shijiangxueshi (editor), Shangshufang Shijiang, Wenyuange proofreader, Nanshufang, Censor-in-Chief of the Censorate, Censor-in-Chief of Shandong Province, Censor-in-Chief of Guangxi Province, Censor-in-Chief of Gyeonggi Province, Censor-in-Chief of the Censorate, Grain Storage of Yunnan Province, Shandong Provincial Surveillance Commissioner, Shuntian Prefecture Governor, Viceroy of the Ministry of War, Governor-General of Donghe and Governor-General of Liangjiang. Emperor Daoguang bestowed a chair and a bed for the Grand Master, and a plaque on him. He was a famous minister of the Qing Dynasty and one of the famous frontier officials. Peng Qifeng, Qian Qi, Niu Jian, and Pan Xi'en were collectively known as the four elder brothers of Zhiting who were good at writing regular script in the Qing Dynasty. Niu Jian's disciples included Emperor Daoguang, Emperor Xianfeng, Yan Zhongji, Liang Huankui, etc.
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牛鉴
清朝道光十八年（1838年），牛鉴病愈赴北京，道光帝六次召见牛鉴，改派牛鉴为江苏布政使，牛鉴是道光帝的亲属。次年初，牛鉴署江苏巡抚，兼领江苏布政使，正二品顶戴。清朝道光二十年，河南巡抚兼任提督，署理东河总督。清朝道光二十一年九月丙辰，牛鉴官拜两江总督、兵部尚书衔、抚远将军、兼辖两淮漕盐、从一品，成为清朝著名的九位封疆大吏之一。后又任清朝正二品资政大夫，道光皇帝赐匾《夫子博学》，同治四年，总督杨岳斌奏请同治皇帝将牛鉴入乡贤祠，同治皇帝准奏；不久牛鉴入名宦祠，同治皇帝赐匾《名宦大宗》，牛鉴也是凉州府历史上一人同时入两祠的官衔最高者。
In the 18th year of Emperor Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1838), Niu Jian went to Beijing after recovering from his illness. Emperor Daoguang summoned Niu Jian six times and appointed him as the governor of Jiangsu. Niu Jian was a relative of Emperor Daoguang. At the beginning of the following year, Niu Jian served as the governor of Jiangsu and concurrently served as the governor of Jiangsu, with a rank of second rank. In the 20th year of Emperor Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty, the governor of Henan concurrently served as the admiral and served as the governor-general of Donghe. In September of the 21st year of Emperor Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty, Niu Jian was appointed as the governor-general of Liangjiang, the minister of the Ministry of War, the general of Fuyuan, and concurrently in charge of Lianghuai salt, and became one of the nine famous frontier officials in the Qing Dynasty. Later, he served as the second-rank advisor of the Qing Dynasty, and Emperor Daoguang bestowed a plaque "Master's erudition". In the fourth year of Emperor Tongzhi's reign, Governor Yang Yuebin petitioned Emperor Tongzhi to include Niu Jian in the local sage temple, and Emperor Tongzhi approved it; soon Niu Jian was included in the famous official temple, and Emperor Tongzhi bestowed a plaque "Famous Officials of the Ancestor". Niu Jian was also the highest-ranking official in the history of Liangzhou Prefecture to be included in two temples at the same time.
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现在牛鉴存世的作品《余北行兰亭》：余北行，三十二日，秋冬之而，间多南风，船窗晴暖，时对兰亭，信可乐也，七日书。用和四兄大人雅嘱即正。此字画咸丰年间曾经悬挂于和硕恭亲王奕䜣府内。作品长：121厘米；宽42.8厘米，保存完整，为国家一级文物。现在牛鉴存世的作品只有四幅《余北行兰亭》、《遗矫仲彦书》、《论书译稿》均为清朝书法的精品，价值连城。
The extant work of Niu Jian, "Yu Bei Xing Lanting": I traveled north for 32 days, in autumn and winter, with frequent southerly winds, the boat window was sunny and warm, and I was happy to see Lanting. I wrote on the 7th day. I will correct it in response to the elegant instructions of my fourth brother. — Jingtang Niu Jian. This calligraphy and painting was once hung in the residence of Prince Gong Yizhen during the Xianfeng period. The work is 121 cm long and 42.8 cm wide. It is well preserved and is a national first-class cultural relic. There are only three extant works of Niu Jian, "Yu Bei Xing Lanting", "Yi Jiao Zhongyan's Book", and "On Calligraphy Translation", all of which are exquisite works of Qing Dynasty calligraphy and are invaluable.
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牛鉴之真迹
牛鉴书《遗矫仲彦书选段》，借助仲彦，借喻道光帝。此字画为东河总督牛鉴存世之真迹，臣字印书作，道光帝御览的爱作，牛鉴给道光帝观赏之用，曾悬挂于京师皇宫养心殿内壁。由于避讳皇家礼制，其后边两句未写出。此字画一气呵成，笔法流畅清秀，兼有二王之古，赵体之魅，是大清帝国帝师级别字画的巅峰之作，清朝字画中十分罕见和价值连城的作品。国家一级文物。
Niu Jian wrote "Selected Excerpts from the Book of Yijiao Zhongyan", using Zhongyan as a metaphor for Emperor Daoguang. This calligraphy is the authentic work of Niu Jian, the governor of Donghe. It was printed with the name of the minister and was a favorite work of Emperor Daoguang. Niu Jian gave it to Emperor Daoguang for viewing. It was once hung on the inner wall of the Hall of Mental Cultivation in the imperial palace in Beijing. Due to the taboo of royal etiquette, the following two sentences were not written. This calligraphy was completed in one go, with smooth and elegant brushwork, combining the antiquity of the two Wangs and the charm of Zhao style. It is the pinnacle of calligraphy and painting at the level of the imperial teacher of the Great Qing Empire and a priceless and very rare work among Qing Dynasty calligraphy and painting.
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牛鉴之真迹
牛鉴是著名的书法家和书法评论家，其《书之笔法论》堪称其书法的经典之作，牛鉴给道光帝观赏之用，曾悬挂于京师皇宫养心殿内壁。此字一气呵成，笔法流畅清秀，兼有二王之古，赵体之魅，也是大清帝国帝师级别字画的巅峰之作。其内容如下：承颇留意于书。修身治经之余，诚胜他习，然要须以古人为师。笔法虽欲清劲，必以质厚为本。古人论书，以沉着痛快为善。唐之书家称徐季海书如“怒猊抉石，渴骥奔泉”，其大意可知。凡书之害，姿媚是其小疵，轻佻是其大病也。—芝庭四兄大人之首牛鉴书。不知去向。
Cheng paid much attention to calligraphy. Besides self-cultivation and studying classics, it is better than other practices, but one must learn from the ancients. Although the brushwork should be clear and vigorous, it must be based on thickness. The ancients said that calmness and joy are good. The calligraphers of the Tang Dynasty said that Xu Jihai's calligraphy is like "angry lion digging stones, thirsty horse rushing to the spring", and the general meaning is clear. The harm of all calligraphy is that charm is a minor flaw, and frivolity is a major problem. —Niu Jian's evaluation of calligraphy
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牛鉴之真迹
个人经历 Personal experience
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牛鉴
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牛鉴（1785年—1858年），字镜堂，号雪樵，籍贯甘肃凉州府人也，祖籍直隶枣强县人，清朝一代名臣，大清循吏。 清朝嘉庆十九年（1814年）中进士，甲戌科金榜殿试二甲第四名，赐进士出身，授编修。 牛鉴恩师为大清凉州府复兴农刘氏。 牛鉴又为道光皇帝和咸丰皇帝的恩师，故誉为“两朝帝师”，牛鉴还参加募款操办修造过圆明园。
Niu Jian (1785-1858), courtesy name Jingtang and pseudonym Xueqiao, was a native of Liangzhou Prefecture, Gansu Province. His ancestral home was Zaoqiang County, Zhili Province. He was a famous official and a well-behaved official of the Qing Dynasty. In the 19th year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty (1814), he passed the imperial examination and ranked fourth in the second class of the Jiaxu Palace Examination. He was appointed as an editor. Niu Jian's mentor was Liu from Fuxingnong, Liangzhou Prefecture, Great Qing Dynasty. Niu Jian was also the mentor of Emperor Daoguang and Emperor Xianfeng, so he was known as the "Teacher of Two Dynasties".
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清朝嘉庆十九年（1814年）牛鉴历任翰林院庶吉士、侍讲学士（编修）、尚书房侍讲、文渊阁校理、入值南书房，都察院记名御史、山东道监察御史、广西道监察御 史、京畿道监察御史、都察院吏科给事中、云南粮储道、山东按察使、顺天府尹、兵部侍郎，道光赐物太师椅、太师床，赐匾《夫子博学》，河南巡抚加河南提督衔，东河总督，江苏巡抚，两江总督。为西北进士最高手一先，清朝凉州府六杰一贤之一。
In the 19th year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty (1814), Niu Jian served successively as Hanlin Academy Scholar, Lecturer (Editor), Shangshufang Lecturer, Wenyuan Pavilion Proofreader, Nanshufang, Censor-in-Chief of the Censorate, Censor-in-Chief of Shandong Province, Censor-in-Chief of Guangxi Province, Censor-in-Chief of Gyeonggi Province, Censor-in-Chief of the Censorate, Grain Storage Province of Yunnan Province, Censor of Shandong Province, Prefect of Shuntian Prefecture, and Vice Minister of the Ministry of War. Emperor Daoguang bestowed upon him the chair and bed of the Grand Master, and the plaque "Master is Erudite", and he was the Governor of Henan and the Governor-General of Henan, the Governor-General of Donghe, the Governor of Jiangsu, and the Governor-General of Liangjiang. He was the top Jinshi in Northwest China and one of the six outstanding scholars in Liangzhou Prefecture in the Qing Dynasty.
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清朝乾隆五十年（1785年），牛鉴出生于西北地区凉州府城南高坝镇。 牛鉴少时，父亲即死。 母亲贾氏，粗识文字，经营城南十里牛家车院，与母亲贾氏相依为命，乾隆五十七年（1792年），儿时的牛鉴在叔叔和家人的商量之下，由于贾氏之妹嫁于凉州府大雪山莲花峰下复兴农刘氏，其母亲贾氏送牛鉴入凉州府复兴农私塾，牛鉴天资不错，后在复兴农刘氏的教导之下，深得复兴农刘氏一族的器重，莲花峰下有凉州府八旗蒙古义学、接引寺、常乐寺、西竺寺、善应寺、弥勒寺、观音寺、准提寺、龙藏寺、五佛寺、荫善庵、善因寺、紫山观、龙虎观、春秋阁、大悲阁、七星观等建筑，牛鉴很喜欢到那里书写佛经、学习满文、蒙文。
In the 50th year of Emperor Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1785), Niu Jian was born in Gaoba Town, south of Liangzhou Prefecture in the northwest region. His father died when Niu Jian was still young. His mother, Jia, was literate and ran the Niujia Carriage Company, ten miles south of the city. He depended on his mother Jia for his life. In the 57th year of Qianlong's reign (1792), the child Niu Jian, after consultation with his uncle and family, sent his mother Jia to the Fuxingnong Private School in Liangzhou, because Jia's sister married Liu, a woman surnamed Fuxingnong, at the foot of the Lotus Peak of the Great Snow Mountain in Liangzhou. Niu Jian was talented and was highly regarded by the Liu family of Fuxingnong under the guidance of Jia. At the foot of the Lotus Peak there are the Eight Banners Mongolian Charity School of Liangzhou Prefecture, Jieying Temple, Changle Temple, Xizhu Temple, Shanying Temple, Maitreya Temple, Guanyin Temple, Zhunti Temple, Longzang Temple, Wufo Temple, Yinshan Temple, Shanyin Temple, Zishan Temple, Longhu Temple, Chunqiu Pavilion, Dabei Pavilion, Qixing Pavilion and other buildings. Niu Jian liked to go there to write Buddhist scriptures and learn Manchu and Mongolian.
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清朝乾隆六十年（1795年），复兴农刘氏中的刘梓把神童牛鉴引荐给了武威知县蔡本崇，蔡本崇是乾隆帝师尚书房侍讲蔡世远之孙。 《清实录·大清高宗纯皇帝·一千二百五》曰：”乾隆四十九年甲辰四月庚子谕曰，原任礼部侍郎加赠尚书蔡世逺之孙蔡本崇前来行在接驾 ，进献赋册， 念伊祖于雍正年间，在尚书房讲学有年，眷怀綦切， 着加恩将伊孙蔡本崇，赏给举人，准其一体会试。“。武威知县蔡本崇十分赏识牛鉴，少时的牛鉴得到蔡本崇点播，学业更加精进，后破格入学凉州将军府八旗书院，八旗书院是隶属于国子监，蔡本崇后来还推荐他认识了堂弟内阁中书蔡本俊，漳浦蔡氏对他后来的成长影响最大。
In the 60th year of Emperor Qianlong's reign (1795), Liu Zi of the Fuxingnong Liu family introduced the child prodigy Niu Jian to Cai Benchong, the magistrate of Wuwei. Cai Benchong was the grandson of Cai Shiyuan, the lecturer of the Shangshufang, the teacher of Emperor Qianlong. The Records of the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Gaozong Chun of the Qing Dynasty, 1250, said: "In the 49th year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, in the fourth month of the Gengzi year, it was said that Cai Benchong, the grandson of Cai Shiyuan, the former Minister of Rites, came to the imperial court to receive the emperor and presented the book of poems. He remembered that his grandfather had taught in the Shangshufang for many years during the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, and he was deeply attached to him. He ordered to grant his grandson Cai Benchong the title of Juren and allow him to take the joint examination." Cai Benchong, the magistrate of Wuwei, appreciated Niu Jian very much. When Niu Jian was young, he was encouraged by Cai Benchong and his studies became more advanced. Cai Benchong later recommended him to meet his cousin, Cai Benjun, the secretary of the cabinet. The Cai family of Zhangpu had the greatest influence on his later growth.
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清朝嘉庆五年（1800年），二月，牛鉴以童生身份参加凉州府武威县县试，凉州府武威知县孙钺亲往主考。 四月，牛鉴参加凉州府府试，被凉州知府沈清取中。 秋，牛鉴成绩优异，被选为生员，成了秀才。 牛鉴工于台阁体，尤其善于行楷，得到当时凉州将军府八旗书院满族教习的推崇；凉州府知府沈清的推崇；凉州府复兴农刘氏中的刘梓、刘庚元（贡生）、刘铠（进士）、刘开弟（进士）、刘庆元（举人，革职）的推崇；同治元年三甲九十八名进士凉州府武威县蔡汝霖的推崇。
In February of the fifth year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty (1800), Niu Jian participated in the county examination of Wuwei County, Liangzhou Prefecture as a student. Sun Yue, the magistrate of Wuwei County, Liangzhou Prefecture, went to preside over the examination. In April, Niu Jian participated in the prefectural examination of Liangzhou Prefecture and was selected by Shen Qing, the prefect of Liangzhou Prefecture. In autumn, Niu Jian performed well and was selected as a student and became a scholar. Niu Jian was good at Taige style, especially running regular script. He was praised by the Manchu teachers of the Eight Banners Academy of Liangzhou General's Mansion at that time; Shen Qing, the prefect of Liangzhou Prefecture; Cai Rulin of Wuwei County, Liangzhou Prefecture, who was one of the ninety-eight Jinshi in the first year of Tongzhi; Wang Baoyuan, the son of Wang Tingzhen, the assistant minister of the Ministry of Justice, and Niu Jian were in-laws through marriage. Wang Baoyuan and Li Zongfang, the governor of Zhejiang Province, were cousins. Li Zongfang's mother, Wang, was the sister of Wang Tingzhen.
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清朝嘉庆十四年（1809年），牛鉴岁考优等，进入凉州文庙考院考取第一，由增广生拔举为岁贡。 嘉庆十七年（1812），凉州知府元福监考，牛鉴考为优等，成为“优贡生”，上报朝廷拟录出仕。 清朝嘉庆十八年（1813年），癸酉科乡试第二十一名，得到了阿桂之孙陕甘总督那彦成的赏识，时任凉庄道台，也就是后来的广东布政使容海对他也是赞赏有佳。 前武威知县蔡本崇、凉州府知府张若采，凉庄道台容海等为其凑足盘缠，为其送行，蔡本崇写书信一封提前告知堂弟蔡本俊，年底牛鉴到京城。牛鉴到京城后寄住内阁中书蔡本俊家中，后认识了挚友祝庆蕃、好友祁寯藻、龙汝言。 后来挚友祝庆蕃、好友祁寯藻对他的影响也很大。
In the 14th year of the Jiaqing reign of the Qing Dynasty (1809), Niu Jian passed the annual examination with excellent grades and entered the Liangzhou Confucian Temple Examination Hall, where he ranked first. He was selected as a tribute student from the Zengguang students. In the 17th year of the Jiaqing reign (1812), Yuanfu, the prefect of Liangzhou, supervised the examination. Niu Jian passed the examination with excellent grades and became a "distinguished tribute student". He was reported to the court for recruitment. In the 18th year of the Jiaqing reign of the Qing Dynasty (1813), he ranked 21st in the provincial examination of Guiyou, and was appreciated by Na Yancheng, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, the grandson of Agui. Rong Hai, the then governor of Liangzhuang, who later became the governor of Guangdong, also praised him. Cai Benchong, the former magistrate of Wuwei, Zhang Ruocai, the prefect of Liangzhou, and Rong Hai, the governor of Liangzhuang, raised enough money for him and saw him off. Cai Benchong wrote a letter in advance to inform his cousin Cai Benjun that Niu Jian would arrive in Beijing at the end of the year. After arriving in Beijing, Niu Jian stayed at the home of Cai Benjun, the secretary of the cabinet, and later met his close friend Zhu Qingfan, and his good friends Qi Junzao and Long Ruyan. Later, his close friend Zhu Qingfan and good friend Qi Junzao also had a great influence on him.
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清朝嘉庆十九年（1814年），甲戌科会试第一百三十名，得到礼部尚书、“江东三俊”之一的胡长龄的推崇和赏识；而后甲戌科金榜殿试中二甲第四名进士出身 ，大清帝国全国第七名，选庶吉士，授编修、尚书房侍讲，入值南书房。 迁御史、给事中。 道光十一年，出为云南粮储道。 历山东按察使、顺天府尹、陕西布政使，因与陕西巡抚富呢扬阿不合，闹的矛盾很大，怒而乞病归乡凉州。 十八年，起授江苏布政使，署江苏巡抚， 旋升河南巡抚兼河南提督衔。
In the 19th year of the reign of Emperor Jiaqing of the Qing Dynasty (1814), he ranked 130th in the imperial examination of Jiaxu, and was praised and appreciated by Hu Changling, the Minister of Rites and one of the "Three Talents of Jiangdong". Later, he ranked fourth in the second class of the imperial examination of Jiaxu, and was selected as a Jinshi, and was ranked seventh in the whole country of the Qing Dynasty. He was selected as a Shujishi, and was appointed as an editor, a lecturer in the Shangshufang, and served in the Nanshufang. He was promoted to Yushi and Jieshizhong. In the 11th year of the reign of Emperor Daoguang, he was sent out as the grain storage road of Yunnan. He served as the Shandong Provincial Surveillance Commissioner, the Shuntian Prefecture Governor, and the Shaanxi Provincial Governor. Because of his disagreement with the Shaanxi Governor, he had a big conflict and was angry and begged to return home. In the 18th year, he was appointed as the Jiangsu Provincial Governor, and the Acting Jiangsu Governor. He was soon promoted to the Governor of Henan and the Governor of Henan.
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牛鉴清朝道光二十年（1842）二月二十三日，牛鉴署理东河总督。 中国第一历史档案馆藏，道光二十年二月二十三日牛鉴奏道光皇帝折《为题报接收东河总督关防暂行代管日期》，有明确记载牛鉴署理东河总督，他是西北历史上第一个担任东河总督的高官，也是大清朝西北历史上唯一的一位东河总督，后牛鉴继任两江总督，又一次创造了大清西北（地理）的历史第一。
On February 23, 1842, Niu Jian served as the acting governor-general of Donghe. The First Historical Archives of China records that Niu Jian wrote to Emperor Daoguang on February 23, 1842, "Reporting the date of taking over the temporary management of the Donghe Governor-General's seal", which clearly records that Niu Jian served as the acting governor-general of Donghe. He was the first high-ranking official in the history of Northwest China to serve as the governor-general of Donghe, and the only governor-general of Donghe in the history of Northwest China. Later, Niu Jian succeeded as the governor-general of Liangjiang, once again creating the first in the history of Northwest China (geography).
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清朝时期关于牛鉴的社会关系，牛鉴还与道光有亲，有一女嫁和硕恭亲王奕䜣。父亲：牛世安。母亲：贾氏。姑父：刘梓。小姑：贾氏。牛鉴与协办大学士汪廷珍的儿子刑部员外郎汪报原也是联姻的亲家，汪报原和浙江学政李宗昉乃是表亲，李宗昉的母亲汪氏是汪廷珍之妹，李宗昉又十分推崇牛鉴。汪廷珍和汪报原父子也十分赏识他，汪廷珍是乾隆五十四年（1789）的殿试金榜一甲第二名榜眼，李宗昉是嘉庆七年（1802）的殿试金榜一甲第二名榜眼，可见当时牛鉴的水平之高。还有一女嫁于程懋采，嘉庆十九年(1814年)甲戌第二甲二十六名进士，凉州府知府，浙江巡抚，兼管两浙盐政。文献出自《中国第一历史档案馆》。
Regarding Niu Jian's social relations during the Qing Dynasty, Niu Jian was also related to Emperor Daoguang, and had a daughter who married Prince Gong Yizhen. Father: Niu Shi'an. Mother: Jia. Uncle: Liu Zi. Sister-in-law: Jia. Niu Jian and Wang Baoyuan, the son of Wang Tingzhen, the co-organizer of the Grand Secretary, were also relatives through marriage. Wang Baoyuan and Zhejiang Provincial Education Commissioner Li Zongfang were cousins. Li Zongfang's mother, Wang, was Wang Tingzhen's sister, and Li Zongfang highly praised Niu Jian. Wang Tingzhen and Wang Baoyuan, father and son, also appreciated him very much. Wang Tingzhen was the second runner-up in the first-class palace examination in the fifty-fourth year of Qianlong (1789), and Li Zongfang was the second runner-up in the first-class palace examination in the seventh year of Jiaqing (1802). It can be seen that Niu Jian's level was very high at that time. The document comes from the "First Historical Archives of China".
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清朝道光二十二年（1842），整轮之后淮盐销量下降明显，淮盐销量的下降，妨碍了朝廷盐课的征收，总督牛鉴追溯此次盐斤加价的得失，指出加价实收银两为330万余两，而加价期内正杂盐课短少424万余两，“是多得加价之三百三十万余两，转少征奏销之四百二十四万余两，得不偿失 ，一望而知。虽当时敝坏之由，不尽关于加价，而口岸加价之销滞课悬，实因加价而愈困”。牛鉴在两江总督初期也是十分有魄力，颇有政绩。
In the 22nd year of Emperor Daoguang’s reign in the Qing Dynasty (1842), the sales volume of Huai salt dropped significantly after the whole cycle. The drop in sales volume of Huai salt hindered the collection of salt tax by the court. Governor Niu Jian traced the gains and losses of the price increase of salt and pointed out that the actual collection of silver taels was more than 3.3 million taels, while the regular and miscellaneous salt tax was short of more than 4.24 million taels during the price increase period. “The extra 3.3 million taels from the price increase resulted in a shortfall of more than 4.24 million taels of tax. The loss outweighed the gain. It is obvious at a glance. Although the reason for the deterioration at that time was not entirely related to the price increase, the sluggish sales and high tax revenue at the ports were actually made worse by the price increase.” Niu Jian was also very courageous and accomplished in his early years as the Governor-General of Liangjiang.
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凉州府平番县清朝道光二十二年三月初十日，两江总督牛鉴奏《请轮补江苏苏州城守营参将恩长与安徽宁国营参将乌勒欣泰对调事》以及道光二十二年的所有奏折看，牛鉴对吴淞口和镇江以及整个江苏的防务颇具建树，而且费心尽力，令人肃然起敬，至于说他的种种奇怪的传闻传说，纯属于虚构，毫无依据。这在牛鉴给道光皇帝的几百份奏折中均有详细记述和体现，忠君爱国之心天日可见，至于说他签订《江宁条约》纯属子虚乌有，牛鉴只参与了谈判，并未参与签字。这些奏折均在故宫博物院和中国第一历史档案馆在2020年左右才公布与众，大家可以一一查阅。
On the tenth day of the third month in the twenty-second year of the reign of Emperor Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty, the Governor-General of Liangjiang, Niu Jian, submitted a memorial to the Emperor Daoguang, "Please rotate the lieutenant general Enchang of Suzhou City Defense Camp in Jiangsu and the lieutenant general Ulexintai of Ningguo Camp in Anhui." From all the memorials submitted in the twenty-second year of the reign of Emperor Daoguang, it can be seen that Niu Jian made great contributions to the defense of Wusongkou, Zhenjiang and the entire Jiangsu Province, and he worked hard and was awe-inspiring. As for the various strange rumors and legends about him, they are purely fictitious and have no basis. This is described and reflected in detail in the hundreds of memorials Niu Jian submitted to Emperor Daoguang. His loyalty to the emperor and his patriotism are clearly visible. These memorials are all in the First Historical Archives of China, and everyone can check them one by one.
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清朝道光二十二年（1842年）九月三十日，刑部江苏司奏《为江苏镇江失守两江总督牛鉴著革职拿问解京交刑部治罪江苏巡抚程矞采等均著交刑部严加议处上谕事》知两江总督牛鉴革职拿问的真正原因是江苏镇江失守而下狱，并非以讹传讹，肆意抹黑牛鉴的吴淞口之战，其真正获罪的原因是重创英军的镇江之战的失败。
On September 30, the 22nd year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1842), the Jiangsu Division of the Ministry of Punishment wrote "For the Fall of Jiangsu Zhenjiang, Governor Niu Jian of Liangjiang was dismissed from his post, interrogated by Jie Jing, and handed over to the Ministry of Punishment for punishment. Jiangsu Governor Cheng Zicai and others were all submitted to the Ministry of Punishment for strict discussion and punishment. "The Imperial Edict" tells us that the real reason why Niu Jian, the governor of Liangjiang, was dismissed from his post and questioned was that Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, was lost and imprisoned. It was not the Battle of Wusongkou that wanted to smear Niu Jian through false rumors. The real reason for his conviction was the Battle of Zhenjiang, which severely damaged the British army. fail.
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我们知道1842年7月21日英军进犯镇江，青州旗兵浴血奋战，重创英军。 镇江之战是第一次鸦片战争最惨烈的一次战役，这场战役的指挥为两人分别是：两江总督牛鉴、专城青州副都统穆特恩。这份解密的档案来自中国第一历史档案馆。
We know that on July 21, 1842, the British army invaded Zhenjiang, and the Qingzhou Bannermen fought bloody battles and inflicted heavy losses on the British army. The Battle of Zhenjiang was the most brutal battle of the First Opium War. The commanders of this battle were two people: Niu Jian, the Governor-General of Liangjiang, and Muten, the Deputy Governor of Qingzhou. This declassified file comes from the First Historical Archives of China.
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清朝道光二十四年二月十五日，吏部左侍郎祝庆蕃《奏为冒昧密陈破格宽贷牛鉴之罪令其前往河南办理河工事》，也就是牛鉴下狱17个月之后挚友祝庆蕃、程懋采、好友祁寯藻的帮助之下，道光命赴河南中牟河工效力。 工竣，予七品顶戴，以六部主事用，回籍。
On February 15, the 24th year of Emperor Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty, Zhu Qingfan, the Left Vice Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, wrote a memorial to the emperor for his presumptuous secret report on Niu Jian's crime of pardoning him and ordering him to go to Henan to handle river works. That is, 17 months after Niu Jian was imprisoned, with the help of his close friend Zhu Qingfan and his good friend Qi Junzao, Emperor Daoguang ordered him to work on river works in Zhongmu, Henan. After the work was completed, he was awarded the seventh rank and appointed as the head of the six ministries, and returned home.
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清朝咸丰三年（1853年），粤太平军北扰，予五品顶戴，署河南按察使。 清朝咸丰四年（1854年），命卸任，赴陈州，偕徐广缙剿捻军，破李士林，加河南按察使衔。 五年以病乞归，咸丰六年加浙江按察使衔，咸丰七年赏正二品资政大夫，咸丰八年卒。
In the third year of Emperor Xianfeng's reign (1853), the Taiping Army of Guangdong invaded the north, and he was awarded the title of the fifth rank and appointed as the Henan Provincial Surveillance Commissioner. In the fourth year of Emperor Xianfeng's reign (1854), he was ordered to resign and went to Chenzhou, where he joined Xu Guangjin in suppressing the Nian Army and defeated Li Shilin, and was awarded the title of Henan Provincial Surveillance Commissioner. In the fifth year, he asked to return home due to illness. In the sixth year of Emperor Xianfeng's reign, he was awarded the title of Zhejiang Provincial Surveillance Commissioner. In the seventh year of Emperor Xianfeng's reign, he was awarded the title of the second rank advisory official. He died in the eighth year of Emperor Xianfeng's reign.
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清朝咸丰三年（1853年），广东太平军北扰，攻下江苏省江宁道江宁府城，今江苏省南京市，号称天京，定都南京。牛鉴曾经在道光二十二年（1842年）镇守的固若金汤的南京城。却在9年后也就是咸丰三年（1853年）被脱逃的两江总督陆建瀛、脱逃的革职论死的两江总督杨文定，却在咸丰三年1853年白白送给了造反的邪教太平贼军，其中钦差大臣署两江总督江宁将军爱新觉罗祥厚和祥厚的儿子恩论战死，江宁副都统霍武隆战死，真是讽刺。脱逃二字的祖师爷就是陆建瀛，大清帝国第一脱逃两江总督湖北人陆建瀛、安徽人杨文定。
In the third year of Emperor Xianfeng's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1853), the Taiping Army of Guangdong invaded the north and captured the city of Jiangning Prefecture in Jiangning Road, Jiangsu Province, now Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, known as Tianjing, and Nanjing was established as the capital. Niu Jian once guarded the impregnable Nanjing City in the 22nd year of Emperor Daoguang's reign (1842). However, 9 years later, in the third year of Emperor Xianfeng's reign (1853), the Governor-General of Liangjiang, Lu Jianying, who escaped and was dismissed and sentenced to death, and the Governor-General of Liangjiang, Yang Wendi, who escaped, were handed over to the rebellious cult Taiping bandit army in vain. Among them, the Imperial Commissioner and Governor-General of Liangjiang, General Aixinjueluo Xianghou, and Xianghou's son Enlun died in battle, and the Deputy Governor-General of Jiangning, Huo Wulong, died in battle. It was really ironic. The ancestor of the word escape was Lu Jianying. The first Governor-General of Liangjiang who escaped in the Qing Empire was Lu Jianying from Hubei and Yang Wendi from Anhui.
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清朝咸丰三年（1853年），皇帝知道当年恩师牛鉴镇守南京时的尽心尽力，咸丰皇帝心中十分感激，后赏给牛鉴五品顶戴，署河南按察使。 四年，命卸任，赴陈州，协助两广总督徐广缙剿灭势力极大的捻匪（土匪），因为斩杀李士林，加河南按察使衔，后又加浙江按察使衔，最后赏正二品资政大夫，以病乞休。
In the third year of Emperor Xianfeng's reign (1853), the emperor of the Qing Dynasty learned that his mentor Niu Jian had devoted himself to defending Nanjing. He was very grateful and later awarded Niu Jian the fifth rank and appointed him as the Henan Provincial Surveillance Commissioner. In the fourth year, he was ordered to resign and go to Chenzhou to assist the Governor-General of Guangdong and Guangxi, Xu Guangjin, in suppressing the powerful Nian bandits. Because he killed Li Shilin, he was awarded the title of Henan Provincial Surveillance Commissioner, and later the title of Zhejiang Provincial Surveillance Commissioner, and finally the second rank of Senior Advisor.
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清朝咸丰二年（1852年）八月，徐广缙被任命为钦差大臣，两湖总督，奉命驰赴湖南，阻止太平军北上. 他于十二月初五抵达岳州，而太平军已于初四攻克武昌，为此徐广缙被撤职拿问，交刑部治罪。咸丰三年（1853年）三月入狱，五月赦出。咸丰四年，赴陈州，与牛鉴剿杀捻匪（土匪），咸丰七年（1857年），徐广缙经胜保保奏，又赏给四品卿衔，随胜保办理豫皖军务，但只任一月，便因病退职。
In August of the second year of Emperor Xianfeng's reign (1852), Xu Guangjin was appointed as the Imperial Commissioner and Governor-General of Hunan and Hubei, and was ordered to rush to Hunan to stop the Taiping Army from going north. He arrived in Yuezhou on the fifth day of the twelfth month, while the Taiping Army had already captured Wuchang on the fourth day of the month. For this reason, Xu Guangjin was dismissed from his post and questioned, and handed over to the Ministry of Justice for punishment. In March of the third year of Emperor Xianfeng's reign (1853), he was imprisoned and pardoned in May. In the fourth year of Emperor Xianfeng's reign (1857), he went to Chenzhou and killed the Nian bandits with Niu Jian. In the seventh year of Emperor Xianfeng's reign (1857), he was recommended by Shengbao and awarded the title of the fourth rank official. He followed Shengbao to handle military affairs in Henan and Anhui, but he only served for one month before retiring due to illness.
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清朝咸丰三年五月二十九日陕甘总督舒兴阿《奏为饬令凉州府传知前任两江总督候选主事牛鉴赴豫以备差遣事》，咸丰六年以劝捐出力，赏二品资政大夫顶戴。 咸丰八年，卒，葬于凉州府莲花山。牛鉴是道光和咸丰年间力主剿灭捻匪（土匪）的主力官员和将领，平定捻匪时，牛鉴挂的是抚远将军印，这一点在牛鉴的奏折中均有详细记述。
On May 29, the third year of Emperor Xianfeng’s reign in the Qing Dynasty, Shu Xing’a, the Governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, wrote a memorial to order Liangzhou Prefecture to inform the former candidate for the Governor-General of Liangjiang, Niu Jian, to go to Henan to prepare for the dispatch. In the sixth year of Emperor Xianfeng’s reign, he was awarded the title of Second Rank Advisor for his efforts in soliciting donations. In the eighth year of Emperor Xianfeng’s reign, he died and was buried in Lianhua Mountain in Liangzhou Prefecture.
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清朝同治四年，前任陕甘总督恩麟、凉州知府多隆武，武威知县林发深等商议，由陕甘总督杨岳斌奏请同治皇帝将牛鉴入乡贤祠，同治皇帝准奏，入乡贤祠，同治皇帝赐匾额“牛公祠”，不久凉州都统瑞云与陕甘总督杨岳斌奏请同治皇帝将牛鉴入名宦祠，同治皇帝准奏，又赐匾 《名宦大宗》。
In the fourth year of Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, the former Governor-General of Shaanxi and Gansu Enlin, the Prefect of Liangzhou Duolongwu, and the Magistrate of Wuwei Lin Fashen discussed and the Governor-General of Shaanxi and Gansu Yang Yuebin requested Emperor Tongzhi to include Niu Jian in the Temple of Local Worthies. Emperor Tongzhi approved the request and gave the plaque "Niu Gong Temple". Soon after, Liangzhou Commander-in-Chief Ruiyun and the Governor-General of Shaanxi and Gansu Yang Yuebin requested Emperor Tongzhi to include Niu Jian in the Temple of Famous Officials. Emperor Tongzhi approved the request and gave the plaque "The Great Ancestor of Famous Officials".
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简历列表 Resume List序号列表
人物姓名
基本履历
官阶品级
任期时间
参考文献
01
牛鉴
凉州府复兴农刘氏私塾、八旗蒙古义学、学习满文、蒙古文
Liangzhou Prefecture Fuxingnong Liu's Private School, Eight Banners Mongolian Charity School, learning Manchu and Mongolian
无品级
乾隆57年-嘉庆5年
《牛鉴家书》《牛家车园》《牛鉴故居介绍》《牛家花园》
清嘉庆十九年刻本《会试录》之《嘉庆十九年甲戌科会试录》
国家图书馆《嘉庆十九年登科录》
02
牛鉴
入凉州将军府八旗书院、凉州府选为生员（秀才），学习满文、蒙古文
Entered the Eight Banners Academy of Liangzhou General's Mansion and was selected as a student (Xiucai) by Liangzhou Mansion to learn Manchu and Mongolian
秀 才
嘉庆5年-嘉庆17年
《牛鉴家书》《牛家车园》《牛鉴故居介绍》《牛家花园》《国立故宫博物院文档》
03
牛鉴
壬申科第一名优贡
The first place in the Renshen year
优贡生
嘉庆17年
《牛鉴家书》《牛家车园》《牛鉴故居介绍》《牛家花园》《国立故宫博物院文档》
04
牛鉴
癸酉科乡试第二十一名
Ranked 21st in the Guiyou County Examination
举 人
嘉庆18年八月
《会试录》之《嘉庆十九年甲戌科会试录》
05
牛鉴
甲戌科会试第一百三十名
Ranked 130th in the Jiaxu Examination
举 人
嘉庆19年三月初九
清嘉庆十九年刻本《会试录》之《嘉庆十九年甲戌科会试录》
国家图书馆《嘉庆十九年登科录》
06
牛鉴
甲戌科殿试二甲第四名
Ranked fourth in the second class of the Jiaxu Palace Examination
赐进士出身
嘉庆19年四月二十一
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
07
牛鉴
翰林院庶吉士
正七品
嘉庆19年-嘉庆24年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
08
牛鉴
侍讲学士（编修）
从四品
嘉庆24年-道光2年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
09
牛鉴
国史馆协修（尚书房侍讲）
正七品
嘉庆25年-道光1年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
10
牛鉴
翰林院检讨（尚书房侍讲）
从七品
道光1年-道光2年
清实录：宣宗成皇帝实录, 卷36, 页646
11
牛鉴
山东乡试副考官（修造泺源书院）
从四品
道光2年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
12
牛鉴
文渊阁校理
从四品
道光3年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-7号
13
牛鉴
丁母忧回乡
无品级
道光3年-道光6年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
14
牛鉴
山东道（掌印监察御史）
正七品
道光7年-道光8年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
15
牛鉴
掌广西道
正四品
道光8年-道光9年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
16
牛鉴
稽察俸米事务（署理）
正四品
道光8年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
17
牛鉴
湖南乡试副考官（创办中南大学）
正四品
道光8年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
18
牛鉴
京畿道监察御史(广西道监察御史署)
正四品
道光9年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-7号
19
牛鉴
掌京畿道
正四品
道光9年-道光10年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
20
牛鉴
吏科给事中
正五品
道光10年-道光11年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
21
牛鉴
稽察通州中仓
正五品
道光10年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-7号
22
牛鉴
稽察崇文门税务
正五品
道光10年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-7号
23
牛鉴
刑科给事中
正五品
道光11年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
24
牛鉴
云南粮储道
正四品
道光11年-道光13年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
25
牛鉴
云南盐法道(署)
正四品
道光12年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-7号
26
牛鉴
山东按察使
正三品
道光13年-道光14年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
27
牛鉴
顺天府府尹
正三品
道光14年-道光15年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
28
牛鉴
江苏布政使
从二品
道光16年-道光19年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
29
牛鉴
江苏巡抚(署理、署理印务、护理)
正二品
道光19年-道光20年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
30
牛鉴
河南巡抚兼提督衔
从一品
道光20年-道光21年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
《为奏销河南道光十九年九月至二十年四月驿站钱粮事》
31
牛鉴
河东河道总督(署)
从一品
道光20年-道光21年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-7号
32
牛鉴
两江总督（江苏巡抚署、抚远将军)
从一品
道光21年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
33
牛鉴
两江总督（兵部尚书、两淮盐政）
从一品
道光21年-道光25年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
34
牛鉴
革职下狱
无品级
道光25年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
35
牛鉴
七品顶戴
正七品
道光25年-道光26年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
36
牛鉴
以六部主事用
正六品
道光26年-咸丰3年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
37
牛鉴
五品顶戴
正五品
咸丰3年-咸丰6年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
38
牛鉴
河南按察使(署、衔)
正三品
咸丰3年-咸丰5年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
39
牛鉴
浙江按察使衔
正三品
咸丰5年-6年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
40
牛鉴
资政大夫正二品顶戴
正二品
咸丰6年-咸丰8年
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传包, 702002187-1号
41
牛鉴
入乡贤祠、名宦祠
从一品
同治4年
总督杨岳斌奏《甘肃武威县故两江总督牛鉴入祀乡贤祠请旨事》，赐匾《名宦大宗》。
奏章牒文 Memorials牛鉴关于镇江的严密防守的奏折（一）
《奏为上海失守及击退夷船事·大清两江总督 ·凉州牛鉴道光22年5月》前督牛鉴奏为上海失守，该逆火轮船只驶抵松江城外，开炮相持，旋即击退，并查明吴淞接仗时，击坏夷船四只，轰毙夷匪二百余名，恭折由六百里驰奏，仰祈圣鉴事。窃照微臣驻扎昆山，居中调度。两日以来，据各路探报，初八日，在吴淞接仗时，击沉火轮船一只；又击坏大夷船二只，沉搁沙滩；又击断大夷船中桅一只，仍前驶去。并查得该逆入宝山城。后点明各船轰毙夷人约有二百数十名之多。驱使本地强壮丁男，为之搬运物件下船，旋即陆续留住补充。毙夷之数，又于十ニ日已刻报到，该逆船四只，于十ー日午刻驶近上海县城，夷匪数百人即从新闸登岸，绕进北门。该县商民久已迁徙空，力不能支，即于未刻失守。又于十三日午刻，据寿春镇尤渤、署松江府王绍复禀报，该逆船由浦江驶人城外，炮声不绝。该镇即将所带官兵，出城分扎四队，严阵以待。该守上城督战，见黄浦江面，由东南驶来火轮船二只，舢板船四只，开放大炮五六十声。我兵见其将近东汉口岸，开炮回击。该逆相持至申刻，仍由原路而去。伏查该逆凶狡异常，见我兵队伍整齐，不敢近岸，难保其不纠约多艅去而复来。臣已飞伤该镇守严督弁兵实力堵御，务使计出万全，不使该夷有可乘之隙。至由淞江泖湖而进，可以直达苏州盘门外之宝带桥，逼近省城，最为紧要，已饬桌司星夜回省面商。抚臣驰赴宝带桥蓑衣滨一带，分别堵御堙截。其由上海之新闻至青浦之黄渡桥四江口、昆山之江口，臣已节节设伏，预备减运粮船多只，截其来路。并面饬苏松镇周世荣，在于三江口地方电扎营伍，督率防剿所有刘河福山两海口，臣与抚臣会商堵截，不令一船窜入外，现查上海文武员弁，尚无下落。所有宝山开炮接仗轰击，并夷船驶抵松江，旋即退去，及微臣各路严密防堵情形，恭折具奏。伏乞皇上圣鉴施行。谨奏。
"Reporting on the Fall of Shanghai and the Repulsion of the Foreign Ships · Governor-General of Liangjiang of the Qing Dynasty · Niu Jian of Liangzhou, May of the 22nd year of Daoguang" Former Governor Niu Jian reported on the fall of Shanghai. The rebels' steamboats arrived outside Songjiang City and fired artillery to fight back. They were soon repulsed. It was also found that when fighting in Wusong, four foreign ships were destroyed and more than 200 foreign bandits were killed. I respectfully reported this from 600 miles away, and prayed for your approval. I have learned that I am stationed in Kunshan and am in charge of the coordination. In the past two days, according to reports from various routes, on the eighth day of the first lunar month, when fighting in Wusong, a steamboat was sunk; two large foreign ships were destroyed and sank on the beach; and one of the large foreign ships' mid-masts was broken, and it continued to sail forward. It was also found that the rebels entered Baoshan City. Later, it was pointed out that about 200 foreigners were killed by each ship. The strong local men were forced to carry the objects off the ship, and then they were retained one after another for replenishment. The number of foreigners killed was reported at 12:00 on the 12th. The four rebel ships approached Shanghai County at noon on the 11th. Hundreds of foreign bandits landed at the new gate and went around the north gate. The merchants and civilians of the county had long been evacuated, and they were unable to hold on, so they lost the city at 3:00. At noon on the 13th, according to reports from You Bo of Shouchun Town and Wang Shaofu, the acting governor of Songjiang Prefecture, the rebel ships sailed outside the city from the Pujiang River, and the sound of cannons continued. The town immediately led the officers and soldiers with them out of the city and divided them into four teams, ready to fight. The defenders went up to the city to supervise the battle and saw two steamships and four sampans coming from the southeast on the Huangpu River, firing fifty or sixty cannons. Our soldiers saw that they were approaching the Donghan Port and fired back. The rebels held out until 3:00, and then left by the same route. It was found that the rebels were extremely vicious and cunning. Seeing that our troops were well-organized, they did not dare to approach the shore. There was no guarantee that they would not gather together and leave and come back. I have already ordered the garrison to strictly supervise the soldiers and block the enemy with all their strength, so as to make sure that the plan is perfect and the barbarians have no chance to take advantage of it. As for advancing from Songjiang Lake to Maohu Lake, we can directly reach Baodai Bridge outside Panmen, Suzhou, and approach the provincial capital. This is the most important thing. I have ordered the governor to return to the province at night to discuss it in person. The governor rushed to the area around Baodai Bridge and Suoyibing to block and intercept them. From Xinwen in Shanghai to Sijiangkou in Huangdu Bridge in Qingpu and Jiangkou in Kunshan, I have set up ambushes at every step and prepared to reduce the number of grain transport ships to intercept them. I also ordered Zhou Shirong of Susong Town to telegraph and set up camps in Sanjiangkou and supervise the defense and suppression of all Liuhe and Fushan ports. I have discussed with the governor to block and intercept them, and not let any ship get in. At present, the whereabouts of the civil and military officers in Shanghai are still unknown. All the Baoshans opened fire and the barbarian ships sailed to Songjiang and then retreated. I have also reported the situation of the strict defense of all routes. I humbly ask the emperor to consider and implement it.
图片
牛鉴关于镇江的严密防守的奏折（二）《两江总督牛鉴奏请停调四川陕甘官兵折》道光二十二年八月十六日（军录）两江总督臣牛鉴跪奏，为四川、陕甘二省奉调精兵防堵，现准四川督臣咨会，川兵已报起程，察看夷情，似可停止调拨，恭折奏祈圣鉴事。窃臣于道光二十二年八月初六日准大学士·四川总督臣宝兴咨，本年七月十一日奉上谕：前经降旨，四川、陕甘二省挑选精兵各一千名，听候调遣···钦此。本年七月十一日奉上谕：当于省标各营及维州、川北、重庆、永宁等营挑备精兵一千名，分为三起，委员管带赴江。兹头起官兵于七月二十一日起程，咨会点收调遣前来。查夷就抚，仰荷天恩俯准通商，俟本年交项付清，兵船即全数退出长江。臣与钦差大臣耆英等严催藩运各库，拨款速即解省转交，以期夷船早退一日，江路即早清一日，现已陆续交兑。约计八月二十内外，总可催令兵船出江，该夷等通商念切，实出至诚，万不致再有反复。而川省头起官兵甫于七月二十一日起程，计三起兵弁全到江省，至速亦须九月中旬，彼时夷船早经退出，各处已调在防之兵尚应酌量减撤，川兵无须剿堵，未免远涉为劳。合无仰恳圣慈停止调拨，飞敕经过各省，查明四川官兵行抵何处，即令全数折回川省，俾休兵力而节邮传。至江南既已安堵，瓜口现经通行，江北淮扬一带，本调有河南等处官兵，似亦足资防范。其陕甘奉调精兵一千名，尚未准陕甘督臣咨会，系于何日起程，可否一并停调，敕下经过各省，查明传知带兵官，即令回营归伍之处，出自圣裁。谨恭折由驿具奏，伏乞皇上圣鉴训示。再，江省民情安辑，停泊江面夷船陆续开行，佛郎西亚夷目则，济勒沙船业经退出吴淞，据松太道巫宜禊禀，已于八月初七日回帆，未知是否归国，其续到之官兵巴日乘坐沙船来省，与夷船只同泊江干，现在并无要求之处，臣已会同耆英等筹商，相机妥办，另折具奏。合并陈明。谨奏。道光二十二年八月二十四日奉朱批：已有旨。钦此。
"Liangjiang Governor Niu Jian's memorial to stop the transfer of Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu officers and soldiers" August 16, 22nd year of Daoguang (Military Record)
Liangjiang Governor Niu Jian kneels to report that Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces have been ordered to transfer elite soldiers to block the enemy. Now Sichuan Governor has been approved to consult with the meeting. Sichuan soldiers have reported that they have set off. After observing the situation of the barbarians, it seems that the transfer can be stopped. I respectfully report to the emperor for his approval.
On August 6th, 22nd year of Daoguang, I approved the consultation of Grand Secretary and Sichuan Governor Baoxing. On July 11th of this year, I received the imperial edict: According to the previous decree, Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces will select 1,000 elite soldiers each and wait for dispatch... I hereby decree.
On July 11th of this year, I received the imperial edict: 1,000 elite soldiers should be selected from the provincial camps and the camps in Weizhou, Northern Sichuan, Chongqing, Yongning, etc., and divided into three groups, and the commissioners will lead them to Jiang. The first group of officers and soldiers will set off on July 21st, and the meeting will be consulted to collect and dispatch them.
After checking the barbarians and pacifying them, we have been granted the permission to trade with them by the grace of Heaven. Once the payment is made this year, all the warships will be withdrawn from the Yangtze River. I, together with the Imperial Envoy Qiying, have urged the various treasuries to allocate funds to the provinces as soon as possible, so that the barbarians can withdraw one day earlier and the Yangtze River route can be cleared one day earlier. The funds have been transferred one after another. It is estimated that the warships can be urged to leave the Yangtze River around August 20th. The barbarians are very concerned about trade and are sincere. There will be no more reversals. The first batch of Sichuan officers and soldiers set out on July 21st. All three batches of soldiers will arrive in Jiangsu Province. It will take at least mid-September at the earliest. By then, the barbarians will have already withdrawn. The soldiers already deployed for defense in various places should be reduced as much as possible. The Sichuan soldiers do not need to suppress them, and it is a waste of effort to travel far. We sincerely ask Your Majesty to stop the allocation and send an imperial edict to each province to find out where the Sichuan officers and soldiers have arrived. Then they will all return to Sichuan Province to rest the troops and save mail.
Now that Jiangnan is safe and secure, Guakou is now open to traffic. In the Huaiyang area in Jiangbei, officers and soldiers from Henan and other places have been transferred, which seems to be sufficient for defense. The 1,000 elite soldiers from Shaanxi and Gansu have not yet been approved by the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu to consult with me. When will they set off? Can they be stopped at the same time? The emperor has ordered the provinces to find out the officers in charge of the troops and order them to return to the camp and join the troops. This is the emperor's decision.
I respectfully submit this memorial through the post, and humbly ask for the emperor's instructions.
In addition, the people in Jiang Province are peaceful, and the foreign ships anchored on the river are gradually sailing. As for the French and Asian foreigners,
the Jile sand ships have withdrawn from Wusong. According to the report of Wu Yixi of Songtai Dao, they have returned on August 7th. It is unknown whether they have returned to their country. The officers and soldiers who arrived later came to the province on the sand ships on Ba Ri and anchored on the river bank with the foreign ships. There is no request for them now. I have discussed with Qiying and others and will make a separate memorial when the time comes. Combined with the report. Respectfully report.
On August 24, the 22nd year of Daoguang's reign, the emperor gave the following imperial edict: "The imperial edict has been issued. I hereby approve it."
牛鉴关于南京的严密防守的奏折（三）《两江总督牛鉴奏为扬商报效军》需请先将已开各商名单请奖折道光二十二年八月十六日两江总督·管理盐务臣牛鉴跪奏，为扬商报效军需公捐现银一百万两，恳将捐输各商邀恩优奖，以昭激劝，仰祈圣鉴事。据署盐运司但明伦详据淮南商人包振兴等禀称,窃因英夷滋事，侵扰海疆，商等先后报捐防堵经费银一百万两，仰蒙奏邀赏收在案。兹夷氛猖獗，窜入长江，扬郡省垣军需孔亟。当此逆焰方张之际，正属舆情图报之时，虽商等竭蹷已深，盐船复遭烧毁，而同仇志切，敢不勉竭涓埃。今公同集议，情愿再行报捐银一百万两，以五十万两留备扬城防堵，以五十万两解应江省军需，均一律完缴现银，不敢援例分纲摊带。惟现因道途梗塞，银路不通，恳于库款先行借拨,仍勒限年底全数缴齐等情,由该司具详请奏前来。臣查英夷犯顺，扬商屡申报效之忱，在前两次报捐银一百万两，并江运商人捐银一十万两，均经奏蒙圣鉴在案。兹因夷舶入江，又复公捐一百万两。第以夷船驶入，风鹤交惊，该商等先将赀本寄存他处，现值兵船未退，会借银路不通，不得不俟年底缴齐，实与现银无异。而历来商捐均系分纲摊带，此次一律完缴现银，尤为近年未有之事。且仪征盐船烧毁,汉岸官引滞销,该商等尚复勉效涓埃,其激切洵出致诚。合无仰恳天恩俯赐赏收，并恳照广东、浙江二省各绅商报效军需之案，将运司已开的名各商先行开具清单，分别等次。呈请圣主破格施恩。其余捐输各商，俟查明银数的名，另再奏请奖励，以示激扬而昭鼓舞，感荷鸿施实无既极。如蒙俞允，即将现捐银数以五十万两留备扬州防堵，以五十万解应江省军需，即可补送运库借动，现交夷船之款，并请循例免其造册报销。谨会同江苏巡抚臣程矞采，恭折附驿具奏，伏乞皇上圣鉴。谨奏。道光二十二年八月二十四日奉朱批：另有旨。钦此。附件：淮南商人续捐军需银一百万两先行查明的名银数清单谨将淮南商人续捐军需银一百万两内，先行查明的名银数，分别等次奏恳圣恩，从优奖励，恭缮清单，敬呈御览。计开：议叙知府衔加四级包良丞捐银六万四千两。查包良丞即淮南商人包振兴，前因军情紧急，经署盐运司但明伦谕饬帮办防堵事宜，奏明在案。该商于应办防堵各事均能始终出力，不辞劳瘁，本应另行请奖。兹又捐银六万四千两，为数最多，尤属急公好义，应请以道员遇缺即选，并赏戴花翎。捐职运同衔包良俊捐银五万五千两，应请赏加道衔，并戴花翎。遵豫工例捐纳双月即用直隶州知州黄式燕捐银五万三千七百两，应请赏加知府衔，以直隶州知州不论双单月即选，并戴花翎。捐纳同知职衔加三级钟大志捐银五万二千七百六十三两，应请赏加知府衔，以同知即选，并戴花翎。捐纳知府职衔议叙加二级支方春捐银五万一千两，应请赏加道衔，并戴花翎。捐职郎中遵豫工例捐纳即用运副陈世和捐银五万三百四十二两，应请赏加知府衔，并戴花翎。候选郎中汪荣禄捐银五万两，应请赏加道衔，并戴花翎。遵豫工例捐纳即用通判赵衷捐银四万八千六百四十四两，应请以同知即选，并赏戴花翎。遵豫工例捐纳不论双单月即用郎中赵克宽捐银四万八千三百两，应请赏加道衔，以郎中即选，并戴花翎。议叙道衔包衣樾捐银三万一千五百六十一两，应请赏戴花翎。廪生包邦治捐银一万六千两,应请以主事即选,未投供以前仍准乡试。议叙提举职衔加二级包良善捐银一万四千一百两，应请赏戴蓝俊秀黄锡康捐银一万二千九十两,俊秀黄锡禧捐银一万二千 九十两，以上二名均请赏给监生出身加郎中衔，准其乡试。议叙运同职衔包良训捐银一万一千四百九十两，应请赏戴蓝 翎。议叙府同知职衔加三级包国琪捐银一万一百三十七两，应请赏戴蓝翎。议叙同知衔钟汝成捐银一万两，应请赏戴蓝翎。内阁中书钟淮捐银一万两，应请以主事即补。以上共捐银六十万一千二百四十七两，先行恳恩奖励，尚有捐银三十九万八千七百五十三两，容俟查明的名及所捐银数，另行请奖。理合登明。朱批：另有旨。
"Liangjiang Governor Niu Jian's Memorial on Yangzhou Merchants' Serving the Army"
Please submit the list of merchants to request a reward first. August 16, the 22nd year of Daoguang
Liangjiang Governor Niu Jian, the Minister in charge of salt affairs, kneels to report that Yangzhou merchants donated 1 million taels of silver to the army. He sincerely requests the donations to the merchants to be rewarded, so as to encourage them. I hope the emperor will look upon this matter.
According to Dan Minglun, the salt transport department, according to the detailed report of Huainan merchant Bao Zhenxing and others, because the British barbarians are causing trouble and invading the sea border, the merchants have successively reported to donate 1 million taels of silver for defense. I hope the emperor will accept the reward. The barbarians are rampant and have entered the Yangtze River. The military needs of Yangzhou County and the provincial capital are urgent. At this time when the flames of rebellion are rising, it is the time for public opinion to seek revenge. Although the merchants have been exhausted and the salt ships have been burned, they share the same hatred and are determined to do their best.
Now, we are willing to donate another 1 million taels of silver, with 500,000 taels reserved for Yangzhou defense, and 500,000 taels to help the military needs of Yingjiang Province. All of them should be paid in cash, and we dare not follow the precedent to divide and distribute. However, due to the blockage of roads, the silver road is blocked, and we kindly ask the treasury to borrow money first, and still limit the payment of all by the end of the year. Please report in detail.
I have found that the British barbarians have repeatedly reported to Yangzhou merchants to show their sincerity in the previous two donations of 1 million taels of silver, and the Jiangyun merchants donated 100,000 taels of silver, all of which have been reported to the emperor for his approval. Now, because of the entry of foreign ships, another 1 million taels of silver has been donated. The foreign ships entered the river, and the wind and cranes were frightened. The merchants first deposited their capital elsewhere. Now that the warships have not retreated, the silver road is blocked, and they have to wait until the end of the year to pay it in full, which is actually the same as cash.
In the past, merchants had to pay their contributions in different categories, but this time, all of them had to pay in cash, which was unprecedented in recent years. Moreover, the Yizheng salt ship was burned, and the Hanan salt was unsalable, but the merchants still tried their best to help. Their enthusiasm was sincere. We sincerely beg for the grace of God to reward them, and we also beg for the names of the merchants in Guangdong and Zhejiang provinces who have contributed to the military supplies to make a list of the merchants listed by the transport department and rank them separately.
We petition the Holy Lord to make an exception and show his grace. For the rest of the merchants who donated, we will ask for rewards after the names of the merchants who donated the silver are found out, to show encouragement and encouragement. We are grateful for your generosity. If you agree, we will reserve 500,000 taels of the current donation for Yangzhou defense, and 500,000 taels for Yingjiang Province’s military supplies, which can be sent to the transport warehouse for borrowing, and the money paid for the foreign ships can be exempted from the registration and reimbursement according to the usual practice.
Together with the Jiangsu Governor Cheng Yancai, I respectfully submit a memorial to the emperor, begging for his approval. Respectfully submit.
On August 24, the 22nd year of Daoguang, I received the imperial edict: There is another decree. I hereby approve it.
Attachment: List of the previously verified silver amount of the 1 million taels of silver donated by Huainan merchants for military supplies
I hereby report the previously verified silver amount of the 1 million taels of silver donated by Huainan merchants for military supplies, and ask for your grace and reward according to your merits. I respectfully prepare a list and present it to you for your review.
Plan:
It is proposed to promote the prefect to the fourth level and donate 64,000 taels of silver to Bao Liangcheng. It is found that Bao Liangcheng is Bao Zhenxing, a Huainan merchant. Due to the urgent military situation, he was ordered by the Salt Transport Department to assist in the prevention and control of the blockade. This report is on file. This merchant has been able to work hard in all the matters related to the prevention and control of the blockade, and he should have been rewarded separately. Here we donate another 64,000 taels of silver, which is the largest amount. He is particularly eager to do good and should be selected as a prefect when a vacancy occurs, and be awarded with a flowered feather.
Bao Liangjun, who donated the same title of the official, donated 55,000 taels of silver. He should be awarded with the title of prefect and a flowered feather.
Huang Shiyan, the prefect of Zhili Prefecture, donated 53,700 taels of silver in accordance with the Henan Workers' Rules. He should be awarded with the title of prefect. He should be selected as a prefect regardless of whether the month is even or odd, and wear a flowered feather.
Zhong Dazhi, who donated the title of Tongzhi and increased the third level, donated 52,763 taels of silver. He should be awarded with the title of prefect. He should be selected as Tongzhi and wear a flowered feather.
Zhi Fangchun, who donated the title of prefect, donated 51,000 taels of silver. He should be awarded with the title of prefect and wear a flowered feather.
According to the Henan Workers' Rules, the donations for the position of Langzhong were made immediately. Chen Shihe, the deputy transport officer, donated 53,420 taels of silver and should be awarded with the title of prefect and a flowered feather.
Wang Ronglu, the candidate for Langzhong, donated 50,000 taels of silver and should be awarded with the title of Dao and a flowered feather. According to the Henan Workers' Rules, the donations for the position of Tongpan Zhao Zhong were made immediately. He should be selected as Tongzhi and be awarded with a flowered feather.
According to the Henan Workers' Rules, the donations for the position of Langzhong Zhao Kekuan were made immediately regardless of the even or odd months. He should be awarded with the title of Dao and be selected as Langzhong and be awarded with a flowered feather.
Bao Yiyue, who was promoted to Dao, donated 31,561 taels of silver and should be awarded with a flowered feather.
Bao Bangzhi, a student of the Imperial Academy, donated 16,000 taels of silver and should be selected as Zhushi. He was still allowed to take the provincial examination before submitting his application.
It is proposed that Bao Liangshan, who is promoted to the second level of the title of Tizhu, donate 14,100 taels of silver and should be awarded with a blue feather.
The handsome Huang Xikang donated 12,90 taels of silver and the handsome Huang Xixi donated 12,900 taels of silver. The above two should be awarded with the title of Langzhong and allowed to take the provincial examination.
It is proposed that Bao Liangxun, who is promoted to the title of Yuntong, donate 11,490 taels of silver and should be awarded with a blue feather.
It is proposed that Bao Guoqi, who is promoted to the third level of the title of Tongzhi, donate 11,37 taels of silver and should be awarded with a blue feather.
It is proposed that Zhong Rucheng, who is promoted to the title of Tongzhi, donate 10,000 taels of silver and should be awarded with a blue feather.
The cabinet secretary Zhong Huai donated 10,000 taels of silver and should be appointed as the chief official.
The above donated a total of 612,470 taels of silver, which will be rewarded first. There are still 398,753 taels of silver donated, which will be rewarded separately after the names and the amount of silver donated are found out. It is reasonable to publish it in the Ming Dynasty.
Zhu's comment: There is another purpose.
教育事业 Education清朝道光七年（1827年），凉州府牛鉴任山东道监察御史（兼任山东乡试副考官），牛鉴与山东巡抚博尔济吉特·琦善先后共得捐白银15200两，重修泺源书院，道光13年任山东按察使时，募捐又翻新扩建泺源书院，由于经费充裕，藏书丰富，斋舍宽敞，成为清代山东规模最大之书院。泺源书院，就是后来的山东大学。
In the seventh year of Emperor Daoguang's reign (1827), Niu Jian, a governor of Liangzhou Prefecture, was appointed as the censor of Shandong Province (and concurrently the deputy examiner of the provincial examination in Shandong). Niu Jian and the governor of Shandong Province, Borjigit Qishan, donated a total of 15,200 taels of silver to rebuild Luoyuan Academy. In the 13th year of Emperor Daoguang's reign, when he was appointed as the provincial governor of Shandong Province, he raised funds to renovate and expand Luoyuan Academy. With sufficient funds, rich collections of books, and spacious dormitories, it became the largest academy in Shandong Province during the Qing Dynasty. Luoyuan Academy was later known as Shandong University.
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河南贡院的地皮是北宋时期的国子监所在，河南贡院始建于大清帝国顺治十六年（1659年），是大清科举考试选拔贡士的场所，河南贡院规模宏大，起初各类号舍有5000多间。道光二十一年(1841年)黄河泛滥，为加固开封城墙，阻挡洪水灌城，贡院房舍的砖瓦被拆除来充当防洪物资。兵部侍郎、河南提督鄂顺安撰文；河南巡抚牛鉴书写《重修河南贡院碑记》曰：道光二十四年（1844年），牛鉴、鄂顺安、东河总督钟祥捐赠，道光24年（1844年）牛鉴重建后，各类房舍达12666间，达到鼎盛，成为清代著名的四大贡院之一。
The land of Henan Gongyuan was the site of the Imperial Academy in the Northern Song Dynasty. Henan Gongyuan was first built in the 16th year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1659). It was the place for selecting tribute scholars for the imperial examinations. Henan Gongyuan was large in scale, with more than 5,000 rooms of various types at the beginning. In the 21st year of Daoguang (1841), the Yellow River flooded. In order to strengthen the city wall of Kaifeng and prevent the flood from flooding the city, the bricks and tiles of the Gongyuan houses were removed to serve as flood control materials. E Shunan, the assistant minister of the Ministry of War and the governor of Henan, wrote an article; Niu Jian, the governor of Henan, wrote the "Inscription on the Reconstruction of Henan Gongyuan", saying: In the 24th year of Daoguang (1844), Niu Jian, E Shunan, and Zhong Xiang, the governor of Donghe, donated. After Niu Jian rebuilt it in the 24th year of Daoguang (1844), there were 12,666 rooms of various types, reaching its peak, and becoming one of the four famous Gongyuans in the Qing Dynasty.
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开封清朝光绪二十六年（1900年）乃是庚子年举行乡试之年。由于北京战乱，清政府决定于光绪二十八年（1902年）补行庚子乡试，因顺天府北京贡院毁于战火，故清廷决定顺天乡试8月移至河南贡院举行。因河南贡院号房有限，河南本地乡试延迟至10月举行。光绪二十九年（公元1903年）癸卯乡试年，河南贡院举行了辛丑科会试、顺天乡试、河南本地乡试。至光绪三十一年（1905年）朝廷宣布停止乡试、会试。河南贡院成为清朝科举考试的最后举行地。河南贡院就是后来的河南大学。
Henan Gongyuan was first built in the 16th year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1659). It was the place for selecting candidates for the imperial examinations in the Qing Dynasty. Henan Gongyuan was large in scale, with more than 5,000 rooms of various types. In the 21st year of Daoguang (1841), the Yellow River flooded. In order to strengthen the city wall of Kaifeng and prevent the flood from flooding the city, the bricks and tiles of the Gongyuan houses were removed to serve as flood control materials. "Reconstruction of Henan Gongyuan Stele": In the 24th year of Daoguang (1844), the Minister of War E Shunan wrote the text and the Henan Governor and Henan Admiral Niu Jian wrote it. After Niu Jian rebuilt it in the 24th year of Daoguang (1844), there were 12,666 rooms of various types, reaching its peak, and it became one of the four famous Gongyuans in the Qing Dynasty. The 26th year of Guangxu (1900) was the year of the Gengzi Year when the provincial examination was held. Due to the war in Beijing, the Qing government decided to hold the Gengzi County Examination in the 28th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu (1902). Since the Beijing Imperial Examination Hall was destroyed in the war, the Qing court decided to move the Shuntian County Examination to Henan Imperial Examination Hall in August. Due to the limited number of rooms in Henan Imperial Examination Hall, the Henan Provincial Examination was postponed to October. In the 29th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu (1903 AD), the year of the Guimao County Examination, Henan Imperial Examination Hall held the Xinchou County Examination, Shuntian County Examination, and Henan Provincial Examination. In the 31st year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu (1905), the court announced the suspension of the County Examination and the Joint Examination. Henan Imperial Examination Hall became the last venue for the Qing Dynasty's imperial examinations.
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重修河南贡院碑记牛鉴清朝道光九年（（1829年），牛鉴掌广西道，认识了梁宝善，梁宝书、梁本荣。任湖南乡试副考官时，想在长沙修一个中学堂，一个大学堂，由于当时募捐困难，遂作罢，后来在牛鉴的弟子颜钟骥、郭宗熙和牛鉴的儿子牛诒榖，侄儿牛诒龙的努力下于光绪三十年（1904年），由长沙知府颜钟骥创建取名“长沙府中学堂”，也就是后来的长郡中学。
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In the ninth year of Emperor Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1829), Niu Jian was in charge of Guangxi Province and met Liang Baoshan, Liang Baoshu and Liang Benrong. When he was the deputy examiner of the Hunan provincial examination, he wanted to build a middle school and a university in Changsha. However, due to the difficulty in fundraising at that time, he gave up. Later, with the efforts of Yan Zhongji, a disciple of Niu Jian, and Niu Jian's sons and nephews, in the 30th year of Emperor Guangxu's reign (1904), Yan Zhongji, the prefect of Changsha, founded the school and named it "Changsha Prefecture Middle School", which later became Changsha County Middle School.
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清朝光绪三十年（1904年），牛鉴的弟子梁本荣，梁本荣之子梁焕奎和牛鉴子侄募捐创建实业学堂，梁焕奎取名“湖南省垣实业学堂”，湖南省垣实业学堂，全国最早开办的三所高等实业学堂之一，也就是后来的中南大学。
In the 30th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1904), Liang Benrong, a disciple of Niu Jian, Liang Huankui, the son of Liang Benrong, and Niu Jian's nephews and nephews raised funds to establish an industrial school. Liang Huankui named it "Hunan Provincial Industrial School". Hunan Provincial Industrial School was one of the earliest three higher industrial schools in the country, which was later known as Central South University.
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在牛鉴的一生中值得让后任铭记的是，他在教育上卓有建树，其一生中涉及一所中学，二所大学，一所贡院。不仅仅是以两朝帝师、身居封疆出名，还以筹办大学而闻名于天下，这就应征了他书写“天下文明”，那块匾额的寓意。
What is worth remembering for his successors in Niu Jian's life is that he made outstanding achievements in education. He was involved in a middle school and two universities in his lifetime. He was not only famous for being the imperial tutor of two dynasties and for being a frontier governor, but also famous for organizing universities. This echoes the meaning of the plaque on which he wrote "World Civilization".
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牛鉴遗物 Jian Niu Relics
紫檀寿字纹皇家圈椅 Rosewood armchair with longevity pattern
大清帝国皇家宫廷里面的紫檀家具，传世至今的屈指可数，价值连城。牛鉴的紫檀圈椅（本人认为是寿字纹），在国家博物馆2013年9月26日《大美木艺》明清家具大展上，才让此等珍宝，重见天日。2015年3月17日，纽约佳士得2015春季亚洲艺术周“锦瑟华年——安思远私人珍藏”夜场的拍卖。这件“十七世纪黄花梨圈椅一套四张”以850万美元落槌，成交价968.5万美元（约RMB6011万元）。牛鉴的这一对紫檀寿字纹皇家圈椅估价在2亿。此椅藏于武威市博物馆库房。
There are only a handful of red sandalwood furniture in the imperial court of the Qing Empire that have survived to this day, and they are extremely valuable. Niu Jian's red sandalwood armchair was initially mistakenly marked as huanghuali by the Gansu Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau and Wuwei City Museum. After the National Museum's staff came to the dark storeroom and identified it, they realized that this pair of armchairs was red sandalwood armchairs used by the Qing imperial court, and had a typical royal C-shaped backrest, which was given to Niu Jian by Emperor Daoguang. This matter was reported to the Palace Museum, which initially mistakenly thought it was just a pair. In fact, there were originally four of Niu Jian's chairs, two of which were collected by the Liangyi Collection Museum, a well-known figure in the Hong Kong financial community, Feng Yaohui. The Liangyi Collection Museum is well-known in the collection world for its collection of dining red sandalwood furniture, and has published a bilingual collection of its collection, "Liangyi Collection and Chatting", in Chinese and English. The other two red sandalwood armchairs with round grass patterns that belong to Niu Jian are collected in the storeroom of the Wuwei City Museum. On September 26, 2013, the National Museum held the "Great Beauty of Wood Art" Ming and Qing furniture exhibition, which allowed this treasure to see the light of day again.
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寿字纹C型靠背牛鉴紫檀寿字纹皇家圈椅，是全世界家具收藏家的梦想。 清代牛鉴紫檀寿字纹皇家圈椅，长70厘米，宽17厘米，高103厘米，一对。C字型靠背，典型的皇家器物，圈椅五接，弯头见方。靠背独板刻寿字纹（黄花梨嵌入），上部刻团草纹（黄花梨嵌入），下部为起阳线刻卷草纹。
A pair of Niu Jian red sandalwood round chairs with grass patterns from the Qing Dynasty, 70 cm long, 17 cm wide, and 103 cm high. The C-shaped backrest is a typical royal artifact, with five joints and a square elbow. The backrest is made of a single board, with grass patterns carved on the upper part and curly grass patterns carved on the lower part.
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牛鉴紫檀福寿纹皇家圈椅黄花梨福寿字纹皇家交椅 Huanghuali Imperial Chair
清朝的黄花梨交椅，是全世界家具收藏家的梦想， 皇家交椅乃是稀世之宝，十分罕见，古代家具的坐具种类繁多，如宝座、交椅、官帽椅、圈椅等。在这些椅子中，地位最为显赫的，就是交椅。牛鉴这一对是典型的皇家器物，弥足珍贵。牛鉴的这一对黄花梨福寿字纹皇家交椅估价在2亿4000万。此椅藏于武威市博物馆库房。
The Huanghuali cross-legged chairs of the Qing Dynasty are the dream of furniture collectors all over the world. Royal cross-legged chairs are rare treasures. There are many kinds of ancient furniture, such as thrones, cross-legged chairs, official hat chairs, round chairs, etc. Among these chairs, the cross-legged chairs have the most prominent status. Niu Jian's pair is a typical royal artifact and is extremely precious. Niu Jian's pair of Huanghuali royal cross-legged chairs with Fu Shou characters are estimated to be worth 240 million.
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2021年春拍的那把明末清初黄花梨麒麟纹圈背交椅（成交价6597.5万港元），2022年11月香港苏富比秋拍的“何鸿卿爵士私人珍藏第一部分晚间拍卖”专场至今是业内讨论不断的话题，此专场中一把明末黄花梨圆后背交椅尤其引人关注。在现场，此交椅以1.24609亿港元成交（约合人民币1.129亿元），超越佳士得香港，创下世界最贵黄花梨交椅拍卖纪录。
The "Sir Robert Ho's Private Collection Part I Evening Sale" special sale at Sotheby's Hong Kong Autumn Auction in November 2022 has been a hot topic in the industry. A round-backed Huanghuali armchair from the late Ming Dynasty in this special sale has attracted particular attention. At the scene, this armchair was sold for HK$124.609 million (approximately RMB 112.9 million), surpassing the Huanghuali armchair with Kirin pattern from the late Ming and early Qing dynasties sold at Christie's Hong Kong Spring Auction in 2021 (sold for HK$65.975 million), setting a record for the world's most expensive Huanghuali armchair at auction.
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寿字纹皇家御赐牛鉴紫檀太师床 The Royal Nanmu Bed
清代极品紫檀牛鉴太师床，是明清家具中的巅峰之作，集材质之美、工艺之精、设计之意于一体，彰显出皇家的尊贵气质与极致的东方美学。紫檀，因其质地坚硬、纹理细密、色泽深沉而著称，自古以来就是宫廷御用的首选材料，尤其是在清代达到顶峰，成为制作宫廷高档家具的标志。
The Niu Jian Taishi Bed, made of top-quality red sandalwood from the Qing Dynasty, is said to be made of nanmu wood. It is the pinnacle of Ming and Qing furniture, combining the beauty of materials, the fine craftsmanship, and the meaning of design, showing the royal noble temperament and the ultimate oriental aesthetics. Red sandalwood is famous for its hard texture, fine texture, and deep color. It has been the preferred material for the imperial court since ancient times, especially reaching its peak in the Qing Dynasty, becoming a symbol of making high-end palace furniture.
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牛鉴紫檀太师床皇家御赐牛鉴紫檀太师床不仅是一件实用的家具，更是一件艺术品，它的存在让后人有机会近距离地接触和了解那段辉煌的历史。在收藏市场中，这样的床往往价值连城，除了其材质与工艺的价值外，更重要的是它承载的历史记忆与文化传承，使它成为不可多得的文化遗产，具有极高的收藏价值与历史研究价值，此床藏于武威市博物馆库房。
The Jian Niu red sandalwood bed bestowed by the royal family is not only a practical piece of furniture, but also a work of art. Its existence allows future generations to have a chance to get close to and understand that glorious period of history. In the collection market, such beds are often extremely valuable. In addition to the value of its materials and craftsmanship, more importantly, it carries historical memories and cultural heritage, making it a rare cultural heritage with extremely high collection value and historical research value. This bed is stored in the warehouse of Wuwei City Museum.
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国家博物馆大展C位
历史评价 Historical evaluation
卿能如此豫备，必奏殊勋，朕忧怀稍宽矣。——大清道光皇帝
If you can prepare in this way, you will surely achieve extraordinary results, and my worries will be relieved. - Emperor Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty
刚正不阿，和而不同。——大清道光皇帝
Be upright and impartial, and be harmonious but different. ——Emperor Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty
两朝帝师，治世循吏。——《清史》
The imperial teacher of two dynasties, a law-abiding official. ——"History of Qing Dynasty"
抚部牛公洞舆情，授公郡符安编氓。肝胆披沥通幽明，亿兆命重身家轻。——林则徐
The public opinion of Niu Gongdong was taken care of, and Fu An, the governor of Gong County, was appointed to govern the people. He was open-minded and knew the living and the dead. He valued the lives of millions more than his own property. ——Lin Zexu
镜堂议和之请，既已准行，乃尚未办妥，忽又拿问，近事之反复不定如是，真难测度。若罪其失守，则同罪之人尚多，果将穷治耶？抑可异罚耶？——林则徐
The request for peace talks at Jingtang has been approved, but it has not been completed, and they are suddenly being questioned. The recent events are so unpredictable and unpredictable. If they are punished for failure, there are many people with the same crime. Should they be punished thoroughly? Or should they be punished differently? - Lin Zexu
牛鉴为西北蒙甘青宁新，文进士名次最高者，是西北文人墨客中的佼佼者，为西北文人最高手一先。——慕容洞唐
Niu Jian is the highest-ranked Jinshi in Northwest Mongolia, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang. He is the best among Northwest literati and the top one among Northwest literati. - Murong Dongtang
李栖鹏、李栖凤、李栖凰、张广泗、岳钟琪、牛 鉴，凉州府六杰；高晋，凉州府一贤；合称大清帝国凉州府六杰一贤。——慕容西帝
Li Qipeng, Li Qifeng, Li Qihuang, Zhang Guangsi, Yue Zhongqi, Niu Jian, the six heroes of Liangzhou Prefecture; Gao Jin, the one virtuous man of Liangzhou Prefecture; together they are called the six heroes and one virtuous man of Liangzhou Prefecture. ——Emperorxi Murong
入选清代七百名人之一。——《清代七百名人传, 1册1编, 页303-305》
Selected as one of the 700 famous people in the Qing Dynasty. ——"Biographies of 700 Famous People in the Qing Dynasty, 1 volume 1 edition, pages 303-305"
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牛鉴旧藏 Niu Jian Collection
《真草千字文》
隋朝僧智永，号法极，王羲之七世孙，出家永欣寺，善书，曾书《真草千字文》八百本散诸江东。此本《真草千字文》为清朝两江总督、兵部尚书牛鉴旧藏，耆英在题跋中提出：“今雪樵先生所藏永师《千文》，秀媚可爱，千处一律，定为赵文敏临本。”今将此本与北京故宫博物院所藏宋拓本比较可知，二者字形章法厘毫未差，应同出一石，耆英认为是赵孟頫临本，牛鉴也认为是赵孟頫临本。位于上海图书馆馆藏，国家一级文物。
Sui Dynasty monk Zhiyong, named Faji, the seventh grandson of Wang Xizhi, became a monk in Yongxin Temple. He was good at calligraphy. He once wrote 800 copies of "Zhencao Qianzi Wen" and scattered them throughout Jiangdong. This version of "The Thousand-Character Essay on Zhencao" was previously collected by Niu Jian. Qiying mentioned in the inscription and postscript: "The "Thousand-Character Essay" by Yongshi collected by Mr. Xueqiao today is beautiful and lovely, and uniform in every detail. It is designated as the Lin edition by Zhao Wenmin. "Comparing this copy with the Song rubbings collected in the Palace Museum in Beijing, we can see that there is no difference in the glyphs and composition between the two, and they should be from the same stone. Qiying believes that it is the Zhao Mengfu version, and Niu Jian also believes that it is the Zhao Mengfu version. . Located in the collection of Shanghai Library, it is a national first-class cultural relic.
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牛鉴藏《真草千字文》《五涼考治六德集全志》
牛鉴曾经重印《五涼考治六德集全志》，其收藏六卷，原本藏于《哈佛大学燕京图书馆》。
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经典语录 Classic Quotes
承颇留意于书。修身治经之余，诚胜他习，然要须以古人为师。笔法虽欲清劲，必以质厚为本。古人论书，以沉着痛快为善。唐之书家称徐季海书如“怒猊抉石，渴骥奔泉”，其大意可知。凡书之害，姿媚是其小疵，轻佻是其大病也。—芝庭四兄大人之首牛鉴书。
Cheng paid much attention to calligraphy. Besides self-cultivation and studying classics, it is better than other practices, but one must learn from the ancients. Although the brushwork should be clear and vigorous, it must be based on thickness. The ancients said that calmness and joy are good. The calligraphers of the Tang Dynasty said that Xu Jihai's calligraphy is like "angry lion digging stones, thirsty horse rushing to the spring", and the general meaning is clear. The harm of all calligraphy is that charm is a minor flaw, and frivolity is a major problem. —Niu Jian's evaluation of calligraphy
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牛鉴该逆据我咽喉之地（南京），若再因循岁月，使我粮艘不能归次，漕米何以兑开，仪征不能捆盐，游徒何所得食，兼之江苏一带，专待川楚之米源源接济，而道路梗塞，商贩不前，其祸患之深，诚有不堪设想者。—牛鉴评价南京
The rebels have occupied our vital point (Nanjing). If they continue to procrastinate, our grain ships will not be able to return, how can we exchange the grain for grain, Yizheng will not be able to pack salt, and how can the vagrants get food? In addition, the areas around Jiangsu Province depend on the continuous supply of rice from Sichuan and Hubei, but the roads are blocked and merchants cannot move forward. The depth of the disaster is truly unimaginable. —Niu Jian's evaluation of Nanjing
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亲属成员 Family members· 先祖：牛伯川，明洪武间，直隶枣强县人也。民国二十三年（1934年）山东《淄川牛氏支谱》牛公田、牛公勋、牛正心编修等修、牛毓孔作序，藏于国立故宫博物院。《凉州牛氏支谱》八卷（咸丰六年）牛鉴、牛诒榖等修，民国四年（1915年）刻本八册。 哥伦比亚大学东亚图书馆藏。
Ancestor: Niu Bochuan, born in Zaoqiang County, Zhili during the Hongwu reign of the Ming Dynasty. In 1934, the "Zichuan Niu Family Branch Genealogy" of Shandong Province was edited by Niu Gongtian, Niu Gongxun, Niu Zhengxin, etc., and prefaced by Niu Yukong, and is kept in the National Palace Museum. The "Liangzhou Niu Family Branch Genealogy" in eight volumes (in the sixth year of Xianfeng) was edited by Niu Jian, Niu Yigu, etc., and was engraved in eight volumes in 1915. It is kept in the East Asian Library of Columbia University in the United States.
· 远族：牛效则，明成弘间，山东淄川人也，充北京古北口应军，后嗣因水土难服，祖乃改拨凉州卫。《淄川牛氏通谱》（民国二十三年重修石印本， 哥伦比亚大学东亚图书馆藏），金筠等编。《凉州牛氏支谱》八卷（咸丰六年）牛鉴、牛诒榖等修，民国四年（1915年）刻本八册，哥伦比亚大学东亚图书馆藏。
Distant clan: Niu Xiaoze, a native of Zibo, Shandong during the Cheng and Hong periods of the Ming Dynasty, served as a soldier in Gubeikou, Beijing. His descendants found it difficult to adapt to the local climate, so the ancestor was transferred to Liangzhou Guard. "Zibo Niu Family General Genealogy" (lithographic edition revised in the 23rd year of the Republic of China, kept in the East Asian Library of Columbia University, USA), compiled by Jin Yun and others. "Liangzhou Niu Family Branch Genealogy" in eight volumes (the sixth year of Xianfeng), compiled by Niu Jian, Niu Yigu and others, eight volumes of engraved edition in the fourth year of the Republic of China (1915), kept in the East Asian Library of Columbia University, USA.
· 曾祖：牛拱紫，清朝时期，凉州府武威县人也，生卒不详。《淄川牛氏通谱》（民国二十三年重修石印本， 美国哥伦比亚大学东亚图书馆藏），金筠等编。《凉州牛氏支谱》八卷（咸丰六年）牛鉴、牛诒榖等修，民国四年（1915年）刻本八册，哥伦比亚大学东亚图书馆藏。
Great-grandfather: Niu Gongzi, a native of Wuwei County, Liangzhou Prefecture, during the Qing Dynasty, with unknown dates of birth and death. "Zichuan Niu Family General Genealogy" (lithographed edition revised in the 23rd year of the Republic of China, kept in the East Asian Library of Columbia University, USA), compiled by Jin Yun and others. "Liangzhou Niu Family Branch Genealogy" in eight volumes (the sixth year of Xianfeng), compiled by Niu Jian, Niu Yigu and others, eight volumes of engraved edition in the fourth year of the Republic of China (1915), kept in the East Asian Library of Columbia University, USA.
· 祖父：牛 桂，清朝时期，凉州府武威县人，生卒不详。《凉州牛氏支谱》八卷（咸丰六年）牛鉴、牛诒榖等修，民国四年（1915年）刻本八册。 哥伦比亚大学东亚图书馆藏。《凉州刘氏支谱》复兴农刘氏八卷（咸丰六年）刘开弟、刘铠、刘庆元等修，民国四年（1915年）刻本八册，哥伦比亚大学东亚图书馆藏。
Grandfather: Niu Gui, born in Wuwei County, Liangzhou Prefecture during the Qing Dynasty, his birth and death dates are unknown. "Liangzhou Niu's Branch Genealogy" in eight volumes (the sixth year of Emperor Xianfeng), compiled by Niu Jian, Niu Yigu and others, and printed in eight volumes in the fourth year of the Republic of China (1915). It is collected by the East Asian Library of Columbia University in the United States. "Liangzhou Liu's Branch Genealogy" Fuxingnong Liu's eight volumes (the sixth year of Emperor Xianfeng), compiled by Liu Kaidi, Liu Kai, Liu Qingyuan and others, and printed in eight volumes in the fourth year of the Republic of China (1915). It is collected by the East Asian Library of Columbia University in the United States.
· 父亲：牛世安，清朝时期，凉州府武威县人，生卒不详，封赠。母亲：贾氏。
Father: Niu Shian, born in Wuwei County, Liangzhou Prefecture, during the Qing Dynasty, his birth and death dates are unknown, he was given a title posthumously. Mother: Jia.
· 儿子：牛诒榖，清朝时期，凉州府武威县人，道光年间贡生。
Son: Niu Yigu, a native of Wuwei County, Liangzhou Prefecture, during the Qing Dynasty, and a tribute student during the Daoguang period.
· 孙子：牛 瑞，清朝时期，凉州府武威县人，官生，咸丰年间拔贡生。
Grandson: Niu Rui, a native of Wuwei County, Liangzhou Prefecture during the Qing Dynasty, was an official student and a selected tribute student during the Xianfeng period.
· 孙子：牛 竑，清朝时期，凉州府武威县人，官生。
Grandson: Niu Hong, a native of Wuwei County, Liangzhou Prefecture, during the Qing Dynasty, was an official student.
· 重孙：牛震甲，清朝时期，凉州府武威县人，道光辛卯科举人。
Great-grandson: Niu Zhenjia, a native of Wuwei County, Liangzhou Prefecture during the Qing Dynasty, and a successful candidate in the Xinmao Imperial Examination during the Daoguang period.
· 重孙：牛震天，清朝时期，凉州府武威县人，失考。
Great-grandson: Niu Zhentian, a native of Wuwei County, Liangzhou Prefecture during the Qing Dynasty, whose whereabouts are unknown.
· 重孙：牛世亨，清朝时期，凉州府武威县人，道光壬午科举人。
Great-grandson: Niu Shiheng, a native of Wuwei County, Liangzhou Prefecture during the Qing Dynasty, and a successful candidate in the imperial examination in the Renwu year of the Daoguang reign.
· 五世：牛公绪，清朝时期，凉州府武威县人，拔贡。
Fifth generation: Niu Gongxu, a native of Wuwei County, Liangzhou Prefecture, and a tribute student during the Qing Dynasty.
· 六世：详情失考。
Sixth generation: Details are unknown.
· 七世：详情失考。
Seventh generation: Details are unknown.
· 八世: 牛振武，中医师，新疆行医。
Eighth generation: Niu Zhenwu, a Chinese medicine doctor, practicing medicine in Xinjiang.
· 族孙: 牛喜彦，详情失考。
Grandson: Niu Xiyan, details unknown.
甲戌科殿试金榜 The Golden List of the Jiaxu Palace Examination图片
参考文献
《清史稿》卷三百七十一 列传一百五十八
清人室名别称字号索引, 下册, 页825
国家图书馆清朝嘉庆十九年刻本《会试录》之《嘉庆十九年甲戌科会试录》 国家图书馆《嘉庆十九年登科录》。
汉籍电子文献资料库-清史稿．列传, 卷371
第一历史档案馆总督杨岳斌奏《甘肃武威县故两江总督牛鉴入祀乡贤祠请旨事》
清国史, 10册卷30, 页237-240
清史列传, 6册卷48, 页746-751
第一历史档案馆《为题请豁免山阳县已故河南候补从九品高步瀛应赔道光元年承办黄沁厅属筑做越堤核减淤土津贴银两事》道光十九年六月十五日署理江苏巡抚牛鉴
第一历史档案馆《为题请河南祥符县张献廷接袭云骑尉世职事》道光二十年五月二十三日河南巡抚兼提督衔牛鉴
韩燕仪：轮规整散与清中期淮盐困境的应对机制——兼论淮盐纲法崩溃的原因
国立故宫博物院图书文献处清国史馆传稿, 701001935号
清代七百名人传, 1册1编, 页303-305
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